runtime: support disabling goroutine scheduling by class

This adds support for disabling the scheduling of user goroutines
while allowing system goroutines like the garbage collector to
continue running. User goroutines pass through the usual state
transitions, but if we attempt to actually schedule one, it will get
put on a deferred scheduling list.

Updates #26903. This is preparation for unifying STW GC and concurrent
GC.

Updates #25578. This same mechanism can form the basis for disabling
all but a single user goroutine for the purposes of debugger function
call injection.

Change-Id: Ib72a808e00c25613fe6982f5528160d3de3dbbc6
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/134779


Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>