[release-branch.go1.9] cmd/go: restrict meta imports to valid schemes

Before this change, when using -insecure, we permitted any meta import
repo root as long as it contained "://". When not using -insecure, we
restrict meta import repo roots to be valid URLs. People may depend on
that somehow, so permit meta import repo roots to be invalid URLs, but
require them to have valid schemes per RFC 3986.

Fixes #23867

Change-Id: Iac666dfc75ac321bf8639dda5b0dba7c8840922d
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/94603


Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/102776


Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>