timekeeping: Rework timekeeping_inject_offset() to use shadow_timekeeper

Updates of the timekeeper can be done by operating on the shadow timekeeper
and afterwards copying the result into the real timekeeper. This has the
advantage, that the sequence count write protected region is kept as small
as possible.

Convert timekeeping_inject_offset() to use this scheme.

That allows to use a scoped_guard() for locking the timekeeper lock as the
usage of the shadow timekeeper allows a rollback in the error case instead
of the full timekeeper update of the original code.

Signed-off-by: Anna-Maria Behnsen <anna-maria@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Acked-by: John Stultz <jstultz@google.com>
Link: https://lore.kernel.org/all/20241009-devel-anna-maria-b4-timers-ptp-timekeeping-v2-17-554456a44a15@linutronix.de