dm-verity: move hash algorithm setup into its own function

Move the code that sets up the hash transformation into its own
function.  No change in behavior.

Reviewed-by: Sami Tolvanen <samitolvanen@google.com>
Acked-by: Ard Biesheuvel <ardb@kernel.org>
Signed-off-by: Eric Biggers <ebiggers@google.com>
Signed-off-by: Mikulas Patocka <mpatocka@redhat.com>