[XLA] Pass shape/layout information in calls to the CPU runtime routines.

Previously the CPU runtime wouldn't know how the data that was being outfed was
laid out by the XLA LayoutAssignment pass, which could result in
transposed-value results.

This also allows us to validate the contract between the host program and the
compiled XLA program with (reified) runtime type checks.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 161895093