ART: Propagate verifier failure types to the compilers

Add a bit-set encoding of seen failure types to the verifier and
make it available. Store this in VerifiedMethod, so that compilers
can inspect it and make choices based on failures. Rewrite the
current punting of runtime-throw errors to be at the compiler-driver
level.

Bug: 23502994
Change-Id: I1cfc7cbdf2aec1f14ba18f0169e432ba4ae16883