update_engine: Add staging to update_attempter and omaha_request

Modify update_attempter and omaha_request so that they take the user's
staging settings into account. This includes:
* Turning off scattering if staging is on.
* Preserving scattering values if staging is off.
* Setting staging related persisted values if staging is on.
* Deleting the corresponding persisted values if staging is off.
* Making omaha use the max wait time for staging as its max scatter
period if staging is on.
* Add the corresponding unittests for this.

BUG=chromium:858621
TEST=cros_workon_make update_engine --test

Change-Id: I501f90d9e195b5ceef61d3eac67ab52051793ae9
Reviewed-on: https://chromium-review.googlesource.com/1141217


Commit-Ready: ChromeOS CL Exonerator Bot <chromiumos-cl-exonerator@appspot.gserviceaccount.com>
Tested-by: Adolfo Higueros <adokar@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Amin Hassani <ahassani@chromium.org>