[libc++] Add a Buildkite job that tests back-deployment on Apple

The current way we test this is pretty cheap, i.e. we download previously
released macOS dylibs and run against that. Ideally, we would require a
full host running the appropriate version of macOS, and we'd execute the
tests using SSH on that host. But since we don't have such hosts available
easily for now, this is better than nothing.

At the same time, also fix some tests that were failing when back
deploying.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D90869