math/rand: fix raciness in Rand.Read

There are no synchronization points protecting the readVal and readPos
variables. This leads to a race when Read is called concurrently.
Fix this by adding methods to lockedSource, which is the case where
a race matters.

Fixes #16308.

Change-Id: Ic028909955700906b2d71e5c37c02da21b0f4ad9
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/24852


Reviewed-by: Joe Tsai <thebrokentoaster@gmail.com>
Run-TryBot: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Josh Bleecher Snyder <josharian@gmail.com>