test: add regress test for #27557

This commit just adds a regress test for a few of the important corner
cases that I identified in #27557, which turn out to not be tested
anywhere.

While here, annotate a few of the existing test cases where we could
improve escape analysis.

Updates #27557.

Change-Id: Ie57792a538f7899bb17915485fabc86100f469a3
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/197137


Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com>