[release-branch.go1.13] cmd/go: strip trailing slash from versioned arguments

'go get' accepts arguments of the form path@version, and it passes
them through search.CleanPatterns before querying proxies. With this
change, CleanPatterns preserves text after '@' and will strip trailing
slashes from the patn.

Previously, we did not strip trailing slashes when a version was
present, which caused proxy base URL validation to fail. Module paths
that end with ".go" (for example, github.com/nats-io/nats.go) use
trailing slashes to prevent 'go build' and other commands from
interpreting packages as source file names, so this caused unnecessary
problems for them.

Fixes #34243

Change-Id: Id3730c52089e52f1cac446617c20132a3021a808
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/194600


Run-TryBot: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
(cherry picked from commit 8875fb97)
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/194687