cmd/link: additional fixes for -newobj and "ld -r" ELF host objects

The previous fix for this issue (CL 208479) was not general enough;
this patch revises it to handle more cases.

The problem with the original fix was that once a sym.Symbol is
created for a given static symbol and given a bogus anonymous version
of -1, we hit problems if some other non-anonymous symbol (created by
host object loading) had relocations targeting the static symbol.

In this patch instead of assigning a fixed anonymous version of -1 to
such symbols, each time loader.Create is invoked we create a new
(unique) anonymous version for the sym.Symbol, then enter the result
into the loader's extStaticSyms map, permitting it to be found in
lookups when processing relocation targets.

NB: this code will hopefully get a lot simpler once we can move host
object loading away from early sym.Symbol creation.

Updates #35779.

Change-Id: I450ff577e17549025565d355d6707a2d28a5a617
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/208778


Run-TryBot: Than McIntosh <thanm@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>