cmd/compile, cmd/link: add coverage instrumentation for libfuzzer

This CL adds experimental coverage instrumentation similar to what
github.com/dvyukov/go-fuzz produces in its -libfuzzer mode. The
coverage can be enabled by compiling with -d=libfuzzer. It's intended
to be used in conjunction with -buildmode=c-archive to produce an ELF
archive (.a) file that can be linked with libFuzzer. See #14565 for
example usage.

The coverage generates a unique 8-bit counter for each basic block in
the original source code, and emits an increment operation. These
counters are then collected into the __libfuzzer_extra_counters ELF
section for use by libFuzzer.

Updates #14565.

Change-Id: I239758cc0ceb9ca1220f2d9d3d23b9e761db9bf1
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/202117


Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>