cmd/dist, cmd/link: allow passing default dynamic linker/loader

Add an environment variable to make.bash to allow setting the default
dynamic linker/loader. This fixes alpine builds to use
/lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1:

  $ readelf -l ../bin/go | grep 'interpreter:' | sed -e 's/^.*interpreter: \(.*\)[]]/\1/'
  /lib/ld-musl-x86_64.so.1

Also re-enable the internal linker tests that were previously disabled
for alpine (CL 41759, CL 41678).

Fixes #18243
Updates #19938

This resurrects CL 50070 authored by Jessie Frazelle.

Change-Id: I132b5282045a3d60c8568e3b002a7f075eac2d93
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/163977


Run-TryBot: Tobias Klauser <tobias.klauser@gmail.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>