cmd/compile: guard against loads with negative offset from readonly constants

CL 154057 adds guards agaist out-of-bound reads from readonly
constants. It turns out that in dead code, the offset can also
be negative. Guard against negative offset as well.

Fixes #30257.

Change-Id: I47c2a2e434dd466c08ae6f50f213999a358c796e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/162819


Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>