fmt: add an example for Errorf

The errors package has an example for Errorf, but the fmt
package does not. Copy the Errorf example from errors to
fmt. Move existing Stringer example into separate file, so as
not to break the assumption that the entire file will be
presented as the example.

Change-Id: I8a210a69362017fa08615a8c3feccdeee8427e22
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/132239


Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>