[release-branch.go1.9] cmd/compile: omit ICE diagnostics after normal error messages

After we detect errors, the AST is in a precarious state and more
likely to trip useless ICE failures. Instead let the user fix any
existing errors and see if the ICE persists.  This makes Fatalf more
consistent with how panics are handled by hidePanic.

While here, also fix detection for release versions: release version
strings begin with "go" ("go1.8", "go1.9.1", etc), not "release".

Fixes #22252.

Change-Id: I1c400af62fb49dd979b96e1bf0fb295a81c8b336
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/70850


Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/70985


Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>