cmd/go: query modules in parallel

Refactor modload.QueryPackage and modload.QueryPattern to share code.

Fine-tune error reporting and make it consistent between QueryPackage and QueryPattern.

Expand tests for pattern errors.

Update a TODO in modget/get.go and add a test case that demonstrates it.

Updates #26232

Change-Id: I900ca8de338ef9a51b7f85ed93d8bcf837621646
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/173017


Run-TryBot: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>