time: update TestSub to avoid future regressions

CL 131196 optimized Time.Sub, but was reverted because
it incorrectly computed the nanoseconds in some edge cases.
This CL adds a test case to enforce the correct behavior
so that a future optimization does not break this again.

Updates #17858
Updates #33677

Change-Id: I596d8302ca6bf721cf7ca11cc6f939639fcbdd43
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/190524


Run-TryBot: Joe Tsai <thebrokentoaster@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Martí <mvdan@mvdan.cc>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>