cmd/compile: improve escape analysis of known calls

Escape analysis is currently very naive about identifying calls to
known functions: it only recognizes direct calls to a declared
function, or direct calls to a closure.

This CL adds a new "staticValue" helper function that can trace back
through local variables that were initialized and never reassigned
based on a similar optimization already used by inlining. (And to be
used by inlining in a followup CL.)

Updates #41474.

Change-Id: I8204fd3b1e150ab77a27f583985cf099a8572b2e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/256458


Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Trust: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Cuong Manh Le <cuong.manhle.vn@gmail.com>
Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>