cmd/go: move runtime/debug.modinfo to runtime.modinfo

It is easier to ensure that the symbol is always present
if we move it to package runtime. Avoids init-time work.
Also moves it next to buildVersion, the other similar symbol.

Setting up for "go version <binary>".

For #31624.

Change-Id: I943724469ce6992153e701257eb6f12da88c8e4e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/173341


Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>