strings,bytes: use inlineable function trampolines instead of linkname

Cleans things up quite a bit.

There's still a few more, like runtime.cmpstring, which might also
be worth fixing.

Change-Id: Ide18dd621efc129cc686db223f47fa0b044b5580
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/148578


Run-TryBot: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>