cmd/go: add benchmark that execs 'go env GOARCH'

'go env' is used for many quick operations, such as in go/packages to
query GOARCH and GOMOD. It often is a bottleneck; for example,
go/packages doesn't know whether or not to use Go modules until it has
queried GOMOD.

As such, this go command should be fast. Right now it's slower than it
should be. This commit adds a simple benchmark with os/exec, since we're
particularly interested in the cost of cmd/go's large init function.

Updates #29382.

Change-Id: Ifee6fb9997b9b89565fbfc2739a00c86117b1d37
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/155961


Run-TryBot: Daniel Martí <mvdan@mvdan.cc>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>