go/types: detect constraint type inference cycles

This is a port of CL 347300 to go/types. The test was adjusted to match
the differing error positioning in go/types: errors are placed on the
ast.CallExpr.Fun, rather than the Lparen.

Change-Id: I3dee5d7d75bae18817cc1f04ab0d357d3a6a8198
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/348689


Trust: Robert Findley <rfindley@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Robert Findley <rfindley@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>