cmd/compile: add column details to export data

This CL updates the export data format to include column details when
writing out position data. cmd/compile is updated to generate and make
use of the new details, but go/internal/gcimporter only knows how to
read the data. It doesn't yet actually make use of it.

Experimentally across a wide range of packages, this increases export
data size by around 4%. However, it has no impact on binary size.
(Notably, it actually shrinks k8s.io/kubernetes/cmd/kubelet's binary
size by 24kB, but it's unclear to me why at this time.)

Updates #28259.

Change-Id: I351fb340839df8d3adced49b3757c4537fb91b3f
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/196963


Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>