cmd/go: include C/C++/Fortran compiler version in build ID

This will force a rebuild if the C/C++/Fortran compiler changes.

No test because a real test requires installing two different compilers.

Fixes #40042

Change-Id: I83cc88ade90d665a6fce06435068f39c811e43af
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/314276


Trust: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>