cmd/compile/internal/types2: detect constraint type inference cycles

See the detailed explanations in the code.

Fixes #48136.

Change-Id: I1667aabfbbff97967913b080c77e7ec04ea82feb
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/347300


Trust: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
Trust: Cuong Manh Le <cuong.manhle.vn@gmail.com>
Run-TryBot: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Robert Findley <rfindley@google.com>