cmd/go: migrate to module.MatchPrefixPatterns

In CL 239797, str.GlobsMatchPath was copied to golang.org/x/mod/module
as MatchPrefixPatterns. This CL updates x/mod, switches calls to use
the new function, and deletes the old function.

For #38725

Change-Id: I7241032228b574aa539426a92d2f5aad9ee001e2
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/240061


Run-TryBot: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Michael Matloob <matloob@golang.org>