internal/goversion: update to 1.15

This is a second attempt at CL 230024, with
cmd/go/testdata/script/mod_retention.txt updated to perform a
version-independent comparison on the 'go' version added to a go.mod
file that lacks one.

Fixes #38708

Change-Id: I15dcd83b51ed5ec57946b419bcbaec41e85a46f9
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/230382


Run-TryBot: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Dmitri Shuralyov <dmitshur@golang.org>