[release-branch.go1.15-security] math/big: fix shift for recursive division

The previous s value could cause a crash
for certain inputs.

Will check in tests and documentation improvements later.

Thanks to the Go Ethereum team and the OSS-Fuzz project for reporting this.
Thanks to Rémy Oudompheng and Robert Griesemer for their help
developing and validating the fix.

Fixes CVE-2020-28362

Change-Id: Ibbf455c4436bcdb07c84a34fa6551fb3422356d3
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/899974


Reviewed-by: Roland Shoemaker <bracewell@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Filippo Valsorda <valsorda@google.com>
(cherry picked from commit 28015462c2a83239543dc2bef651e9a5f234b633)
Reviewed-on: https://team-review.git.corp.google.com/c/golang/go-private/+/901065