go/build: refactor per-file info & reader

Make code cleaner and a bit more adaptable:
instead of an ever-growing list of arguments and results for readImports,
put everything in a fileInfo struct, and rename function to readGoInfo.
(Not a goInfo struct because it gets used for non-Go source files as well,
but that processing is much simpler.)

The refactoring simplifies the embed work in the next CL,
but this CL makes no semantic changes.

For #41191.

Change-Id: Id2de2a3b8d351adc1c919dcf79dfbe79fc3d5301
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/243940


Trust: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>