cmd/go: convert TestGoBuildOutput to the script framework

Adds a in-script go binary called inarchive to check that an
archive is produced. A weaker could be done faster using grep,
but this is more faithful to the original test.

Part of converting all tests to script framework to improve
test parallelism.

Updates #36320
Updates #17751

Change-Id: I001fa0698063be80fe3da947c81d4eb0829be47f
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/214295


Reviewed-by: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>