runtime: unify C->Go ABI transitions

The previous CL introduced macros for transitions from the Windows ABI
to the Go ABI. This CL does the same for SysV and uses them in almost
all places where we transition from the C ABI to the Go ABI.

Compared to Windows, this transition is much simpler and I didn't find
any places that were getting it wrong. But this does let us unify a
lot of code nicely and introduces some degree of abstraction around
these ABI transitions.

Change-Id: Ib6bdecafce587ce18fca4c8300fcf401284a2bcd
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/309930


Trust: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Michael Knyszek <mknyszek@google.com>