cmd/compile: unify duplicate const detection logic

Consistent logic for handling both duplicate map keys and case values,
and eliminates ad hoc value hashing code.

Also makes cmd/compile consistent with go/types's handling of
duplicate constants (see #28085), which is at least an improvement
over the status quo even if we settle on something different for the
spec.

As a side effect, this also suppresses cmd/compile's warnings about
duplicate nils in (non-interface expression) switch statements, which
was technically never allowed by the spec anyway.

Updates #28085.
Updates #28378.

Change-Id: I176a251e770c3c5bc11c2bf8d1d862db8f252a17
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/152544


Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>