time: optimize Sub

This is primarily achieved by checking for arithmetic overflow
instead of using Add and Equal.

It's a decent performance improvement even though
the function still isn't inlined.

name   old time/op  new time/op  delta
Sub-6   242ns ± 0%   122ns ± 0%  -49.59%  (p=0.002 n=8+10)

Updates #17858.

Change-Id: I1469b618183c83ea8ea54d5ce277eb15f2ec0f11
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/131196


Run-TryBot: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>