time: add support for day-of-year in Format and Parse

Day of year is 002 or __2, in contrast to day-in-month 2 or 02 or _2.
This means there is no way to print a variable-width day-of-year,
but that's probably OK.

Fixes #25689.

Change-Id: I1425d412cb7d2d360e9b3bf74e89566714e2477a
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/122876


Run-TryBot: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rob Pike <r@golang.org>