[release-branch.go1.11] go/types: avoid certain problems with recursive alias type declarations

It is possible to create certain recursive type declarations involving
alias types which cause the type-checker to produce an (invalid) type
for the alias because it is not yet available. By type-checking alias
declarations in a 2nd phase, the problem is mitigated a bit since it
requires more convoluted alias declarations for the problem to appear.

Also re-enable testing of fixedbugs/issue27232.go again (which was the
original cause for this change).

Updates #28576.
Fixes #28972.

Change-Id: If6f9656a95262e6575b01c4a003094d41551564b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/147597


Reviewed-by: Alan Donovan <adonovan@google.com>
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/151500


Run-TryBot: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Andrew Bonventre <andybons@golang.org>