cmd/go: consistent output for -json failures

When the -json flag is passed to go mod download,
the sumdb error is embedded in the json Error field.
Other errors for the same command behave this way as
well such as module not found. The fix is done by changing
base.Fatalf into proper error returns.

Fixes #34485

Change-Id: I2727a5c70c7ab03988cad8661894d0f8ec71a768
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/197062


Run-TryBot: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>