context: fix a flaky timeout in TestLayersTimeout

In CL 223019, I reduced the short timeout in the testLayers helper to
be even shorter than it was. That exposed a racy (time-dependent)
select later in the function, which failed in one of the slower
builders (android-386-emu).

Also streamline the test to make it easier to test with a very high -count flag:
- Run tests that sleep for shortDuration in parallel to reduce latency.
- Use shorter durations in examples to reduce test running time.
- Avoid mutating global state (in package math/rand) in testLayers.

After this change (but not before it),
'go test -run=TestLayersTimeout -count=100000 context' passes on my workstation.

Fixes #38161

Change-Id: Iaf4abe7ac308b2100d8828267cda9f4f8ae4be82
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/226457


Reviewed-by: Ian Lance Taylor <iant@golang.org>