runtime: add tests for checkptr

We had a few test cases to make sure checkptr didn't have certain
false positives, but none to test for any true positives. This CL
fixes that.

Updates #22218.

Change-Id: I24c02e469a4af43b1748829a9df325ce510f7cc4
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/214238


Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>