[dev.inline] cmd/compile/internal/syntax: clean up error and pragma handling

Reviewed in and cherry-picked from https://go-review.googlesource.com/#/c/33873/.

- simplify error handling in source.go
  (move handling of first error into parser, where it belongs)

- clean up error handling in scanner.go

- move pragma and position base handling from scanner
  to parser where it belongs

- have separate error methods in parser to avoid confusion
  with handlers from scanner.go and source.go

- (source.go) and (scanner.go, source.go, tokens.go)
  may be stand-alone packages if so desired, which means
  these files are now less entangled and easier to maintain

Change-Id: I81510fc7ef943b78eaa49092c0eab2075a05878c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/34235


Reviewed-by: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>