test: add escape regress tests for runtime and sync atomics

There weren't any tests to make sure these work correctly, and this
led to escape analysis regressions in both linux/s390x and js/wasm.

The underlying issue that cmd/compile is only getting some of these
correct because escape analysis doesn't understand //go:linkname is
still present, but at least this addresses the fragility aspect.

Updates #15283.

Change-Id: I546aee1899d098b2e3de45e9b33c3ca22de485f8
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/172420


Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>