math/rand: Document origin of cooked pseudo-random numbers

The Source provided by math/rand relies on an array of cooked
pseudo-random 63bit integers for seeding. The origin of these
numbers is undocumented.

Add a standalone program in math/rand folder that generates
the 63bit integer array as well as a 64bit version supporting
extension of the Source to 64bit pseudo-random number
generation while maintaining the current sequence in the
lower 63bit.

The code is largely based on the initial implementation of the
random number generator in the go repository by Ken Thompson
(revision 399).

Change-Id: Ib4192aea8127595027116a0f5a7be53f11dc110b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/22230


Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
Run-TryBot: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>