cmd/go: refactor error reporting in internal/load

Replaced load.PackagesForBuild with a new function,
load.CheckPackageErrors. Callers should now call PackagesAndErrors,
then CheckPackageErrors for the same functionality.

Removed load.Packages. Callers should call base.Errorf and filter the
package list as needed.

This gives callers more flexibility in handling package load errors.

For #42638

Change-Id: Id75463ba695adc1ca3f8693ceb2c8978b74a3500
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/277354


Run-TryBot: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Trust: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>