cmd/go/internal/modfetch: workaround file URL parsing on Windows

Remove the leading slash from GOPROXY file:// URLs.

Updates #31675

Change-Id: Id45af2a806afc3c216181c13f6bc73713b925693
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/173499


Run-TryBot: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Ian Cottrell <iancottrell@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>