runtime: clean up power-of-two rounding code with align functions

This change renames the "round" function to the more appropriately named
"alignUp" which rounds an integer up to the next multiple of a power of
two.

This change also adds the alignDown function, which is almost like
alignUp but rounds down to the previous multiple of a power of two.

With these two functions, we also go and replace manual rounding code
with it where we can.

Change-Id: Ie1487366280484dcb2662972b01b4f7135f72fec
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/190618


Reviewed-by: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>