cmd/go/internal/cache: avoid ioutil.WriteFile for writing cache entries

ioutil.WriteFile always truncates the destination file to 0 before
writing, which is inappropriate for unsynchronized, idempotent,
fixed-size files such as the cache entry files here.

Instead, truncate the file only after writing it, so that a second
write will never (even temporarily!) remove the contents of a
preceding write.

Fixes #29667

Change-Id: I16a53ce79d8a23d23580511cb6abd062f54b65ef
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/188157


Run-TryBot: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>