cmd/compile: simplify limit logic in prove

This replaces the open-coded intersection of limits in the prove pass
with a general limit intersection operation. This should get identical
results except in one case where it's more precise: when handling an
equality relation, if the value is *outside* the existing range, this
will reduce the range to empty rather than resetting it. This will be
important to a follow-up CL where we can take advantage of empty
ranges.

For #23354.

Change-Id: I3d3d75924f61b1da1cb604b3a9d189b26fb3a14e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/87477


Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Alexandru Moșoi <alexandru@mosoi.ro>