cmd/compile: make prove learn index >= 0 from successful bounds checks

When branching at a bounds check for indexing or slicing ops, prove currently
only learns from the upper bound. On the positive branch, we currently learn
i < len(a) (or i <= len(a)) in both the signed and unsigned domains.

This CL makes prove also learn from the lower bound. Specifically, on the
positive branch from index or slicing ops, prove will now ALSO learn i >= 0 in
the signed domain (this fact is of no value in the unsigned domain).

The substantive change itself is only an additional call to addRestrictions,
though I've also inverted the nested switch statements around that call for the
sake of clarity.

This CL removes 92 bounds checks from std and cmd. It passes all tests and
shows no deltas on compilecmp.

Fixes #28885

Change-Id: I13eccc36e640eb599fa6dc5aa3be3c7d7abd2d9e
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/170121


Run-TryBot: Daniel Martí <mvdan@mvdan.cc>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Giovanni Bajo <rasky@develer.com>