cmd/go: propagate context into PackagesForBuild and Do for tracing

This change propagates context into PackagesForErrors and Do for
the purpose of tracing, and calls trace.StartSpan on PackagesForErrors
and Do, so that the trace now shows the broad outline of where
the "Loading" and "Execution" phases are in the build.

Updates #38714

Change-Id: Ib9a7cf7030210f68f76663d1c8a7461e0a226611
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/238541


Run-TryBot: Michael Matloob <matloob@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Jay Conrod <jayconrod@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Bryan C. Mills <bcmills@google.com>